What are the Symptoms of PTSD?
The American Psychiatric Association defines Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as:
“…a psychiatric disorder that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist act, war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault.
“PTSD has been known by many names in the past, such as “shell shock” during the years of World War I and “combat fatigue” after World War II. But PTSD does not just happen to combat veterans. PTSD can occur in all people, in people of any ethnicity, nationality or culture, and any age. PTSD affects approximately 3.5 percent of U.S. adults, and an estimated one in 11 people will be diagnosed with PTSD in their lifetime. Women are twice as likely as men to have PTSD.”
What the American Psychiatric Association Classifies as Symptoms
In 2013, the PTSD diagnostic criteria of the American Psychiatric Association underwent revision in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). PTSD is now included in a new category, Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. “All the conditions included in this classification require exposure to a traumatic or stressful event as a diagnostic criterion.” The previous edition, DSM-4, cited 17 PTSD symptoms, but the revised edition has expanded the list. A combination of the symptoms listed below are required for diagnosis, but it’s rare for anyone to have them all.
Criterion A: stressor (one required)
The person was exposed to: death, threatened death, actual or threatened serious injury, or actual or threatened sexual violence, in the following way(s):
Direct exposure
Witnessing the trauma
Learning that a relative or close friend was exposed to a trauma
Indirect exposure to aversive details of the trauma, usually in the course of professional duties (e.g., first responders, medics)
Criterion B: intrusion symptoms (one required)
The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in the following way(s):
Unwanted upsetting memories
Nightmares
Flashbacks
Emotional distress after exposure to traumatic reminders
Physical reactivity after exposure to traumatic reminders
Criterion C: avoidance (one required)
Avoidance of trauma-related stimuli after the trauma, in the following way(s):
Trauma-related thoughts or feelings
Trauma-related external reminders
Criterion D: negative alterations in cognitions and mood (two required)
Negative thoughts or feelings that began or worsened after the trauma, in the following way(s):
Inability to recall key features of the trauma
Overly negative thoughts and assumptions about oneself or the world
Exaggerated blame of self or others for causing the trauma
Negative affect
Decreased interest in activities
Feeling isolated
Difficulty experiencing positive affect
Criterion E: alterations in arousal and reactivity
Trauma-related arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the trauma, in the following way(s):
Irritability or aggression
Risky or destructive behavior
Hypervigilance
Heightened startle reaction
Difficulty concentrating
Difficulty sleeping
Criterion F: duration (required)
Symptoms last for more than 1 month.
Criterion G: functional significance (required)
Symptoms create distress or functional impairment (e.g., social, occupational).
Criterion H: exclusion (required)
Symptoms are not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.
Risk Factors
Someone who’s experienced events that are shocking, dangerous, or scary (a soldier in combat, or a first responder during the twin tower attacks in New York), may be suffering from symptoms of PTSD. Not everyone who survives a life-altering event will experience PTSD, but those who do may have been exposed to these risk factors described by the National Institute of Mental Health:
Surviving Living through perilous traumas and events.
Emotional or physical injuries.
Being present when someone has been seriously injured or killed
Is a survivor of childhood trauma.
Experiences feelings of helplessness, horror, or intense fear based on a prior event.
Absence or lack of availability of social support after the trauma.
Extreme stress, like dealing with pain and injury, the loss of a loved one or losing a home or job.
A history of substance abuse or mental illness not directly related to the event.
Getting Help
Do you think you have PTSD? If you can talk to someone you trust and they agree, it may be time to get help. You’ve taken an important step in – validating your experiences with PTSD symptoms and the need for medical attention. After talking to a doctor, you’ll choose a treatment plan which might include medications like ketamine.
According to the American Pharmacist Association, veterans suffering from PTSD used ketamine in trials through the U.S. Veterans Affairs. Tobias Marton, in charge of the infusion program, called the results “impressive.”
Ketamine infusion therapy is an innovative new treatment option that is providing rapid relief for patients who are battling this condition. If you or someone you know is struggling with PTSD we would like to invite you to give us a call today to learn more about Ketamine.
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